Booth, Josephine N. and Boyle, James and Kelly, Steve (2010) Do tasks make a difference? Accounting for heterogeneity of performance of children with reading difficulties on tasks of executive function: findings

visual memory (1) Non-verbal 0.45 (.26) 1.73 Animal test (1) Verbal 0.43 (.23) 1.87 Arithmetic task (2) Verbal 0.65 (.16) 4.05*** Auditory digit sequence (6) Verbal 0.55 (.16) 3.46** Auditory serial addition task (1) Verbal 1.41 (.40) 3.53*** Backward digit span (14) Verbal 0.63 (.12) 5.34*** Backward letter span (1) Verbal 0.83 (.26) 3.19** California Verbal Learning Test (1) Verbal 0.18 (.16) 1.13 Coding task (4) Non-verbal 1.83 (.84) 2.18* Computation span (1) Verbal 0.45 (.34) 1.32 Concurrent digit colour (1) Non-verbal 0.72 (.23) 3.13** Concurrent digit semantic (1) Verbal 0.72 (.23) 3.13** Concurrent digit shape (1) Verbal 0.63 (.23) 2.74** Conflict task (1) Non-verbal 0.87 (.47) 1.85 Contingency Naming Test (1) Verbal 0.28 (.14) 2.00* Continuous performance task (7) Non-verbal 0.29 (.10) 2.95** Counting span (6) Verbal 0.59 (.17) 3.52*** Delayed recall (1) Verbal 0.03 (.31) 0.10 Digit naming (3) Verbal 0.83 (.28) 2.91** Digit reading task (1) Verbal 0.15 (.30) 0.50 Executive task (1) Non-verbal 0.45 (.39) 1.15 Facial memory (1) Non-verbal 0.24 (.25) 0.96 Five-point test (1) Non-verbal 0.54 (.23) 2.35* Flanker digits (1) Non-verbal 1.18 (.40) 2.95** Flanker letters (1) Non-verbal 1.57 (.42) 3.74*** Flexibility task (1) Non-verbal 0.15 (.22) 0.68 Go/NoGo (2) Non-verbal 0.30 (.25) 1.23 Group Embedded Figures Test (1) Non-verbal 1.15 (.28) 4.11*** Inhibition/switching test (1) Verbal 0.56 (.18) 3.11** Letter generation (2) Verbal 0.12 (.34) 0.36 Letter naming (3) Verbal 1.29 (.27) 4.86*** Listening span – intrusions (1) Verbal 0.92 (.43) 2.14* Listening span (7) Verbal 0.43 (.15) 2.81** Mapping (4) Non-verbal 0.63 (.20) 3.09** Matching Family Figures Test (1) Non-verbal 20.03 (.33) 20.09 Matrix (6) Non-verbal 0.51 (.20) 2.57* Memory updating (2 updates) (1) Verbal 0.94 (.37) 2.54* Naming (1) Verbal 1.05 (.41) 2.56* Non-verbal sequencing (1) Non-verbal 0.29 (.25) 1.16 Number generation (3) Verbal 0.25 (.17) 1.49 Number naming (1) Verbal 1.30 (.29) 4.48*** Numerical Stroop (1) Non-verbal 0.52 (.28) 1.86 Numerical Stroop (1) Verbal 1.24 (.4) 3.10** Object-inhibition-shifting task (1) Verbal 0.62 (.32) 1.94 Object interference (Stroop) (1) Verbal 20.09 (.27) 20.33 Object naming (4) Verbal 0.64 (.24) 2.71** Object shifting (1) Verbal 0.81 (.33) 2.46* Object-inhibition task (1) Verbal 0.44 (.32) 1.38 20 Josephine N. Booth et al.